月尘对热控系统的退化影响

月尘对热控系统的退化影响直接威胁到探测器在月面的生存,是探测器热控系统设计时所必须考虑的技术重点和难点之一。随着我国探月工程的深入,急需开展月尘对热控系统影响程度的研究,文章在调研的基础上,阐述了目前国内外在月尘的特性、危害性和防护方面的研究现状,并探讨了针对月面探测器设计上的一些可行的防尘措施。     

Field emission characteristics of gold dust grains

The space plasma environment usually contains charged dust grains. The grain charge is an important parameter determining its migration through the space, coagulation, formation of dust clouds and so on. The knowledge of its charge is thus one of the basic information we want to know. There are several emission processes leading to both positive and negative charges, among others photoemission, all kinds of secondary emissions, field emissions, etc. The present study is focused on a laboratory simulation of emissions caused by impacts by energetic ions. Our experiment is based on the Paul trap which gives us an opportunity to catch a single dust grain for several days inside the vacuum vessel and exposed it by electron/ion beams. This experimental approach allows us to separate an individual charging process. We have chosen spherically shaped gold grains and discussed the processes leading to the limitation of the grain charge. We suggested that the implantation of charging ions leads to deformations of the grain surface. The deformations enhance the local electric field strength that becomes sufficient for the field ionization.     

臭氧对羰基铁粉-CSM吸波涂层的影响

进行了改性羰基铁粉-氯磺化聚乙烯(CSM)吸波涂层的臭氧环境暴露试验,并利用SEM、XRD、IR、DSC和TG等方法研究了臭氧对其表面结构和性能的影响。结果表明,臭氧造成CSM表层分解,部分羰基铁粉脱落,但未影响改性羰基铁粉的相组成,对涂层吸波性能的影响不显著。     

“嫦娥三号”探测器月尘环境分析及试验要求

"嫦娥三号"是我国首个成功实施地外天体表面就位探测的航天器,在其研制过程中充分考虑了月面环境对探测器的影响,开展了针对性设计及地面验证工作。文章综述了探测器针对月尘环境方面的设计因素,总结了月面月尘激扬的因素及其相关数值分析工作,对月尘验证试验的设计及条件制定进行了说明。相关结果或工作思路可为后续月面探测器及火星表面探测器的研制提供参考。     

The Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA) Experiment for the Rosetta Mission: Design, Performances and First Results

The Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA) onboard the ROSETTA mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is devoted to study the cometary dust environment. Thanks to the rendezvous configuration of the mission, GIADA will be plunged in the dust environment of the coma and will be able to explore dust flux evolution and grain dynamic properties with position and time. This will represent a unique opportunity to perform measurements on key parameters that no ground-based observation or fly-by mission is able to obtain and that no tail or coma model elaborated so far has been able to properly simulate. The coma and nucleus properties shall be, then, clarified with consequent improvement of models describing inner and outer coma evolution, but also of models about nucleus emission during different phases of its evolution. GIADA shall be capable to measure mass/size of single particles larger than about 15 μm together with momentum in the range 6.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ ÷ 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ kg m s⁻¹ for velocities up to about 300 m s⁻¹. For micron/submicron particles the cumulative mass shall be detected with sensitivity 10⁻¹⁰ g. These performances are suitable to provide a statistically relevant set of data about dust physical and dynamic properties in the dust environment expected for the target comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Pre-flight measurements and post-launch checkouts demonstrate that GIADA is behaving as expected according to the design specifications. The International GIADA Consortium (I, E, UK, F, D, USA).     

Late Stages of Stellar Evolution

A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR) central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational line spectra of CH and CH⁺. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

风量与风机的安全运行

本文阐明了离心式通风机在通风除尘(或排毒净化)系统中的作用,以及离心式通风机产生风压.风量的工作工程,从而引出风机的性能参数风量L、风压P、功率N、效率η等.文章突出地论述了风量对风压、功率、效率的影响;详尽地分析了离心式通风机的性能曲线,特别是N—L曲线;根据性能曲线分析得知,风量L为零(L=0)时,风消耗的功率N最小.从而得出结论;系统中的离心式通风机必须是在关闭状态下启动,以确保通风机的安全运行.     

利用高空科学气球收集宇宙尘粒

本文叙述了高空科学气球上一种自行研制的宇宙尘收集器以及气球吊篮系统。利用该系统进行了五次高空字宙尘粒的收集飞行,简述了对所收集的尘粒进行系统研究的结果。     

熔融纺丝态下聚碳硅烷的流变特性

采用自制单孔熔融纺丝系统,对熔融纺丝状态时聚碳硅烷(PCS)的流变特性展开了研究。结 果表明:PCS熔融纺丝时,喷丝板孔道中的剪切速率在102～104s-1之间;PCS熔体为切力变稀流体;非牛顿 指数n为0.6～0.95;黏流活化能Eη约为190～230kJ/mol,是一般成纤高聚物的2～5倍。表观黏度η为 20～60Pa·s,对温度变化非常敏感,可纺温区很窄。     

聚碳硅烷裂解中的氧影响分析

以不同纯度的氮气为保护性气氛，采用差热法和红外光谱法研究微量氧对聚碳硅烷裂解的影响，并讨论了在有微量氧的气氛下，不同裂解条件对陶瓷产率的影响。结果表明，氧可以与聚碳硅烷起氧化反应，形成含氧基团，使裂解产物增重。合理地控制气氛流量、升温速率、试样量等裂解工艺条件，可有效地抑制氧对聚碳硅烷裂解的影响。当升温速率为30℃／min、氮气流量为80mL／min时，气氛中微量氧的氧化程度降至最低，试样的陶瓷产率接近于实际值。